Facts About Traumatic Brain Injury
By: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
What is a traumatic brain injury?
A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as a blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury that disrupts the function of the brain. Not all blows or jolts to the head result in a TBI. The severity of such an injury may range from "mild," i.e., a brief change in mental status or consciousness to "severe," i.e., an extended period of unconsciousness or amnesia after the injury. A TBI can result in short or long-term problems with independent function.
How many people have TBI?
Of the 1.4 million who sustain a TBI each year in the United States:
- 235,000 are hospitalized; and
- 1.1 million are treated and released from an emergency department.1
The number of people with TBI who are not seen in an emergency department or who receive no care is unknown.
What causes TBI?
The leading causes of TBI are:
- Motor vehicle-traffic crashes (20%);
- Struck by/against events (19%); and
Blasts are a leading cause of TBI for active duty military personnel in war zones.2
Who is at highest risk for TBI?
- Males are about 1.5 times as likely as females to sustain a TBI.1
- The two age groups at highest risk for TBI are 0 to 4 year olds and 15 to 19 year olds.1
- Certain military duties (e.g., paratrooper) increase the risk of sustaining aTBI.3
- African Americans have the highest death rate from TBI.1
What are the costs of TBI?
Direct medical costs and indirect costs such as lost productivity of TBI totaled an estimated $60 billion in the United States in 2000.4What are the long-term consequences of TBI?The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that at least 5.3 million Americans currently have a long-term or lifelong need for help to perform activities of daily living as a result of a TBI.5
According to one study, about 40% of those hospitalized with a TBI had at least one unmet need for services one year after their injury. The most frequent unmet needs were:
- Improving memory and problem solving;
- Managing stress and emotional upsets;
- Controlling one's temper; and
- Improving one's job skills.6
TBI can cause a wide range of functional changes affecting thinking, language, learning, emotions, behavior, and/or sensation. It can also cause epilepsy and increase the risk for conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other brain disorders that become more prevalent with age.7,8
Collaborating Organizations
Brain Injury Association of America
www.biausa.org
800-444-6443
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
www.cdc.gov
800-311-3435
Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center
www.dvbic.org
800-870-9244
Health Resources and Services Administration
www.hrsa.gov
301-443-3376
National Association of State Head Injury Administrators
www.nashia.org
301-656-3500
National Brain Injury Research Treatment and Training Foundation
http://www.nashia.org
434-220-4824
National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research, NICHD, NIH
www.nichd.nih.gov/about/ncmrr
800-370-2943
National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research
www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osers/nidrr
202-245-7640
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH
www.ninds.nih.gov
800-352-9424
North American Brain Injury Society
www.nabis.org
703-960-6500
Social Security Administration
www.ssa.gov
800-772-1213
References
1. Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Thomas KE. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2006.
2. Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC). [unpublished]. Washington (DC): U.S. Department of Defense; 2005.
3. Ivins BJ, Schwab K, Warden D, Harvey S, Hoilien M, Powell J, et al. Traumatic brain injury in U.S. army paratroopers: prevalence and character. Journal of Trauma Injury, Infection and Critical Care 2003;55(4): 617-21.
4. Finkelstein E, Corso P, Miller T and associates. The Incidence and Economic Burden of Injuries in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
5. Thurman D, Alverson C, Dunn K, Guerrero J, Sniezek J. Traumatic brain injuryin the United States: a public health perspective. Journal of Head TraumaRehabilitation 1999;14(6):602-15.
6. Corrigan JD, Whiteneck G, Mellick D. Perceived needs following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2004;19(3):205-16.
7. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Traumatic brain injury: hope through research. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health; 2002 Feb. NIH Publication No. 02-158. Available from: www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/tbi/detail_tbi.htm.
8. Ylvisaker M, Todis B, Glang A, et al. Educating students with TBI: themes and recommendations. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2001; 16:76-93.